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	<title>Mark Leong</title>
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	<link>http://www.markyleong.com</link>
	<description>Christianity. Books. Computers. The web.</description>
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		<title>CERC&#8217;s first video sermon</title>
		<link>http://www.markyleong.com/cercs-first-video-sermon/</link>
		<comments>http://www.markyleong.com/cercs-first-video-sermon/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 May 2012 02:04:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mark Leong</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Christianity]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.markyleong.com/?p=923</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[My church, Christ Evangelical Reformed Church, published its first video sermon online yesterday. The talk, titled &#8220;Introduction: Revealing the Real God&#8221;, is the first of a 9-week series called &#8220;INTRODUCING GOD&#8221;.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>My church, <a href="http://www.cerc.com.my/">Christ Evangelical Reformed Church</a>, published its first video sermon online yesterday. The talk, titled &#8220;Introduction: Revealing the Real God&#8221;, is the first of a 9-week series called &#8220;INTRODUCING GOD&#8221;.</p>
<p><iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/41895167" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Promo videos for Creation to Consummation 2012: Prophecy</title>
		<link>http://www.markyleong.com/promo-videos-for-creation-to-consummation-2012-prophecy/</link>
		<comments>http://www.markyleong.com/promo-videos-for-creation-to-consummation-2012-prophecy/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 23 Apr 2012 06:10:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mark Leong</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Christianity]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.markyleong.com/?p=920</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[CTC is a conference that teaches the interpretation of the Bible with Christ at the centre of all that it says. CTC returns this year with Rev. Dr. Andrew Shead taking us through the Biblical Theology of Prophecy. For more info and registration see http://www.ggf.org.my/ctc/prophecy/. Promo videos What&#8217;s the right way to approach a topic [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>CTC is a conference that teaches the interpretation of the Bible with Christ at the centre of all that it says. CTC returns this year with Rev. Dr. Andrew Shead taking us through the Biblical Theology of Prophecy.</p>
<p>For more info and registration see <a href="http://www.ggf.org.my/ctc/prophecy/">http://www.ggf.org.my/ctc/prophecy/</a>.</p>
<h3>Promo videos</h3>
<p>What&#8217;s the right way to approach a topic like prophecy? Creation to Consummation 2012: Prophecy &#8211; Promo #1</p>
<p><iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/39122035" width="500" height="369" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe></p>
<p>What is a Prophet? Creation to Consummation 2012: Prophecy &#8211; Promo #2</p>
<p><iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/39604686" width="500" height="369" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe></p>
<p>Are you talking about prophets back then, or prophets today? Creation to Consummation 2012: Prophecy &#8211; Promo #3</p>
<p><iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/40206883" width="500" height="369" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe></p>
<p>Are there no prophets today? Or are there some with special gifts? Creation to Consummation 2012: Prophecy &#8211; Promo #4</p>
<p><iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/40424866" width="500" height="369" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe></p>
<p>What can we expect from the conference this July? Creation to Consummation 2012: Prophecy &#8211; Promo #5</p>
<p><iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/40842191" width="500" height="369" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe></p>
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		<item>
		<title>Forced labor and human trafficking of refugees from Burma in Malaysia</title>
		<link>http://www.markyleong.com/forced-labor-and-human-trafficking-of-refugees-from-burma-in-malaysia/</link>
		<comments>http://www.markyleong.com/forced-labor-and-human-trafficking-of-refugees-from-burma-in-malaysia/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 29 Oct 2011 11:00:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mark Leong</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.markyleong.com/?p=917</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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		<item>
		<title>John Piper writes about physical exercise</title>
		<link>http://www.markyleong.com/john-piper-writes-about-physical-exercise/</link>
		<comments>http://www.markyleong.com/john-piper-writes-about-physical-exercise/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 2011 02:57:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mark Leong</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Christianity]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.markyleong.com/?p=912</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Physical Exercise: What I Do and Why Part 1 Part 2]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Physical Exercise: What I Do and Why</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.desiringgod.org/blog/posts/physical-exercise-what-i-do-and-why-part-1">Part 1</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.desiringgod.org/blog/posts/physical-exercise-what-i-do-and-why-part-2">Part 2</a></li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>Thinking Theologically Conference 2011 &#8211; The Providence of God</title>
		<link>http://www.markyleong.com/thinking-theologically-conference-2011-the-providence-of-god/</link>
		<comments>http://www.markyleong.com/thinking-theologically-conference-2011-the-providence-of-god/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 10 Aug 2011 17:55:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mark Leong</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Christianity]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.markyleong.com/?p=910</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Come to learn about God&#8217;s providence God says in Isaiah 45:7, “I form the light and create darkness, I bring prosperity and create disaster; I, the LORD, do all these things.” Do you find it hard to accept what this verse says? “Providence” is a helpful, if rather old-fashioned, term denoting the way in which [...]]]></description>
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<h3>Come to learn about God&#8217;s providence</h3>
<blockquote><p>
God says in Isaiah 45:7, “I form the light and create darkness, I bring prosperity and create disaster; I, the LORD, do all these things.” Do you find it hard to accept what this verse says?</p>
<p>“Providence” is a helpful, if rather old-fashioned, term denoting the way in which God is in control of all events such that they are directed to fulfil his purposes. It’s something we Christians know in part but often find hard to explain, practice, apply, really believe in, or even want. With all the bad going on around us we’d often rather not think about what that implies about the God we love.</p>
<p>Some Christians choose to respond optimistically, citing Romans 8:28, &#8216;in all things God works for the good&#8230;&#8217; Some say if we pray hard enough things will work out for us. But in private, when faced with the pain and evil of this world, many of us wonder how God can really be in control – especially bad things happen to good people.</p>
<p>What should Christians living after the resurrection of Christ think about these things? Will we brush our questions under the carpet, or will we face up to the reality of life as it is every day? Come along to this year’s TTC, conveniently scheduled over the Hari Raya holidays, to work this out in the company of fellow Christians.
</p></blockquote>
<h3>More info</h3>
<p>Find out more and register online at <a href="http://www.gospelgrowth.com.my/biblical-literacy/ttc/2011">Gospel Growth Fellowship website</a>. Join the <a href="http://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=187490891286695">Facebook event</a>.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Creation to Consummation 2011: A conference on Wisdom</title>
		<link>http://www.markyleong.com/creation-to-consummation-2011-a-conference-on-wisdom/</link>
		<comments>http://www.markyleong.com/creation-to-consummation-2011-a-conference-on-wisdom/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 07 Jul 2011 10:59:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mark Leong</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Christianity]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.markyleong.com/?p=905</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[If you are in Malaysia in KL or PJ next week, come along for this Biblical Theology conference where Dr Barry Webb will be speaking on Wisdom! There will be four evening talks from 12th to 15th July 2011, 8pm-10pm each night. The conference will be held at the Luther Centre in PJ. Price is [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-906" title="CTC 2011" src="http://www.markyleong.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/ctc-banner-01.jpg" alt="" width="480" height="195" /></p>
<p>If you are in Malaysia in KL or PJ next week, come along for this Biblical Theology conference where <a href="http://moore.edu.au/teaching-learning/staff/barry-webb/">Dr Barry Webb</a> will be speaking on Wisdom!</p>
<p>There will be four evening talks from 12th to 15th July 2011, 8pm-10pm each night. The conference will be held at the Luther Centre in PJ. Price is RM10 per night or RM30 for all four nights. For more info and online registration, visit the <a href="http://www.ggf.org.my/ctc/wisdom/">conference website</a>.</p>
<blockquote><p>Unlocking Christ&#8217;s wisdom for His church<br />
A biblical-theological conference for the city, in the city<br />
4 talks examining the Bible&#8217;s overarching story<br />
All in a central location in the Klang Valley</p></blockquote>
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		<item>
		<title>What&#8217;s wrong with the KJV/NKJV?</title>
		<link>http://www.markyleong.com/whats-wrong-with-the-kjv-nkjv/</link>
		<comments>http://www.markyleong.com/whats-wrong-with-the-kjv-nkjv/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2011 04:09:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mark Leong</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Christianity]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.markyleong.com/?p=902</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[All English Bibles are translations, for the original manuscripts were written in Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic. There are various textual and linguistic factors that determine what makes a good translation, but the most important of these is starting with the highest quality copy of the original manuscripts that is available. Since the publication of the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-903" title="1611 King James Version" src="http://www.markyleong.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/kjv-1611.jpg" alt="" width="160" height="243" /> All English Bibles are translations, for the original manuscripts were written in Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic. There are various textual and linguistic factors that determine what makes a good translation, but the most important of these is starting with the highest quality copy of the original manuscripts that is available.</p>
<p>Since the publication of the <strong>King James Version (KJV)</strong> in 1611, much progress has been made in determining what the original manuscripts said. Today we are much, much closer to having accurate copies of the originals than even the best scholars were in the 17th century. In fact, it is clear now that there were many mistakes in the manuscripts that the KJV translation was based on. This is why the KJV and its revision, the <strong>New King James Version (NKJV)</strong>, are today a poor choice of translation for people who are concerned to find out what the writers of the Bible meant when they wrote it.</p>
<p>The following is an excerpt from page 40 of <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0310246040">How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth</a> (2003) explaining the problems with the KJV and the NKJV.</p>
<blockquote><p>The KJV for a long time was the most widely used translation in the world; it is also a classic expression of the English language. Indeed, it coined phrases that will be forever embedded in our language (&#8220;coals of fire,&#8221; &#8220;the skin of my teeth,&#8221; &#8220;tongues of fire&#8221;). However, for the New Testament, the only Greek text available to the 1611 translators was based on late manuscripts, which had accumulated the mistakes of over a thousand years of copying. Few of these mistakes – and we must note that there are many of them – make any difference to us doctrinally, but they often do make a difference in the meaning of specific texts. Recognising that the English of the KJV was not longer a living language – and thoroughly dissatisfied with its modern revision (RSV/NRSV) – it was decide by some to &#8220;update&#8221; the KJV by ridding it of its &#8220;archaic&#8221; way of speaking. But in so doing, the NKJV revisers eliminated the best feature of the KJV (its marvellous expression of the English language) and kept the worst (its flawed text).</p>
<p>This is why for study <em>you should use almost any modern translation rather than the KJV or the NKJV</em>.</p></blockquote>
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		<item>
		<title>The centrality of God&#8217;s Word in the church</title>
		<link>http://www.markyleong.com/the-centrality-of-gods-word-in-the-church/</link>
		<comments>http://www.markyleong.com/the-centrality-of-gods-word-in-the-church/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 20 Mar 2011 02:20:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mark Leong</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Christianity]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.markyleong.com/?p=901</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[From page 199 of The Church by Edmund P. Clowney: In every task of the church, the ministry of the Word of God is central. It is the Word that calls us to worship, addresses us in worship, teaches us how to worship and enables us to praise God and to encourage one another. By [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>From page 199 of <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0830815341/">The Church</a> by Edmund P. Clowney:</p>
<blockquote><p>In every task of the church, the <em>ministry of the Word of God</em> is central. It is the Word that calls us to <em>worship</em>, addresses us in worship, teaches us how to worship and enables us to praise God and to encourage one another. By the Word we are given life and <em>nurtured</em> to maturity in Christ: the Word is the sword of the Spirit to correct us and the bread of the Spirit to feed us. In the <em>mission</em> of the church, it is the Word of God that calls the nations to the Lord: in the teaching of the Word we make disciples of the nations. The growth of the church is the growth of the Word (Acts 6:7; 12:24; 19:20): where there is a famine of the Word, no expertise in business administration or group dynamics will build Christ’s church.</p></blockquote>
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		<item>
		<title>God Moves</title>
		<link>http://www.markyleong.com/god-moves/</link>
		<comments>http://www.markyleong.com/god-moves/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Mar 2011 02:51:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mark Leong</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Christianity]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.markyleong.com/?p=900</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A 1774 hymn by William Cowper. New arrangement by Sovereign Grace Music. God moves in a mysterious way His wonders to perform He plants His footsteps in the sea And rides upon the storm Deep in His dark and hidden mines With never-failing skill He fashions all His bright designs And works His sovereign will [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A 1774 hymn by William Cowper. <a href="http://www.sovereigngracestore.com/ProductInfo.aspx?productid=M4130-12-51">New arrangement</a> by Sovereign Grace Music.</p>
<p><object width="500" height="306"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/e/2pTEboDF090"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/e/2pTEboDF090" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="500" height="306" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></p>
<blockquote><p>God moves in a mysterious way<br />
His wonders to perform<br />
He plants His footsteps in the sea<br />
And rides upon the storm<br />
Deep in His dark and hidden mines<br />
With never-failing skill<br />
He fashions all His bright designs<br />
And works His sovereign will</p>
<p>So God we trust in You<br />
O God we trust in You</p>
<p>O fearful saints new courage take<br />
The clouds that you now dread<br />
Are big with mercy and will break<br />
In blessings on your head<br />
Judge not the Lord by feeble sense<br />
But trust Him for His grace<br />
Behind a frowning providence<br />
He hides a smiling face</p>
<p>So God we trust in You<br />
O God we trust in You<br />
When tears are great<br />
And comforts few<br />
We hope in mercies ever new<br />
We trust in You</p>
<p>God&#8217;s purposes will ripen fast<br />
Unfolding every hour<br />
The bud may have a bitter taste<br />
But sweet will be the flower<br />
Blind unbelief is sure to err<br />
And scan His work in vain<br />
God is His own interpreter<br />
And He will make it plain</p></blockquote>
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		<item>
		<title>A worldview catalogue</title>
		<link>http://www.markyleong.com/a-worldview-catalogue/</link>
		<comments>http://www.markyleong.com/a-worldview-catalogue/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 05 Jan 2011 00:25:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Mark Leong</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Reading]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.markyleong.com/?p=896</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In his book, The Universe Next Door, James W. Sire catalogues eight wordlviews, analysing each one by asking of it seven basic questions. I found this book excellent at helping me understand how other people understand the world. Thinking in someone else&#8217;s shoes is really hard, but this book makes it so much easier. I [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://www.markyleong.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/the-universe-next-door.jpg" alt="" title="The Universe Next Door" width="160" height="241" class="alignright size-full wp-image-897" /></p>
<p>In his book, <strong>The Universe Next Door</strong>, James W. Sire catalogues eight wordlviews, analysing each one by asking of it seven basic questions. </p>
<p>I found this book excellent at helping me understand how other people understand the world. Thinking in someone else&#8217;s shoes is really hard, but this book makes it so much easier. I highly recommend it.</p>
<p><em>The Universe Next Door</em> is available online at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1844744205/marleo-21">Amazon US</a> or <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1844744205/marleo-20">Amazon UK</a>.</p>
<p>Sire begins by defining a worldview as &#8220;a commitment, a fundamental orientation of the heart, that can be expressed as a story or in a set presuppositions (assumptions which may be true, partially true or entirely false) which we hold (consciously or subconsciously, consistently or inconsistently) about the basic constitution of reality, and that provides the foundation on which we live and move and have our being.&#8221;</p>
<h3>Seven basic questions</h3>
<ol>
<li>What is prime reality &#8212; the really real?</li>
<li>What is the nature of external reality, that is, the world around us?</li>
<li>What is a human being?</li>
<li>What happens to a person at death?</li>
<li>Why is it possible to know anything at all?</li>
<li>How do we know what is right and wrong?</li>
<li>What is the meaning of human history?</li>
</ol>
<h3>Christian theism</h3>
<ol>
<li>God is infinite and personal (triune), transcendent and immanent, sovereign and good.</li>
<li>God created the universe ex nihilo with a uniformity of cause and effect in an open system.</li>
<li>Human beings are created in the image of God and thus possess personality, self-transcendence, intelligence, morality, gregariousness, and creativity.</li>
<li>Human beings can know both the world around them and God himself because God has<br />
built into them the capacity to do so and because he takes an active role in communicating with them.</li>
<li>Human beings were created good, but through the Fall the image of God became defaced, though not so ruined as not to be capable of restoration; through the work of Christ, God redeemed humanity and began the process of restoring people to goodness, though any given person may choose to reject that redemption.</li>
<li>For each person death is either the gate to life with God and his people or the gate to eternal separation from the only thing that will ultimately fulfill human aspirations.</li>
<li>Ethics is transcendent and is based on the character of God as good (holy and loving).</li>
<li>History is linear, a meaningful sequence of events leading to the fulfillment of God’s purpose for humanity.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Deism</h3>
<ol>
<li>A transcendent God, as a First Cause, created the universe but then left it to run on its own. God is thus not immanent, not fully personal, not sovereign over human affairs, not providential.</li>
<li>The cosmos God created is determined, because it is created as a uniformity of cause and effect in a closed system; no miracle is possible.</li>
<li>Human beings, though personal, are a part of the clockwork of the universe.</li>
<li>The cosmos, this world, is understood to be in its normal state; it is not fallen or abnormal. We can know the universe, and we can determine what God is like by studying it.</li>
<li>Ethics is limited to general revelation; because the universe is normal, it reveals what is right.</li>
<li>History is linear, for the course of the cosmos was determined at creation.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Naturalism</h3>
<ol>
<li>Matter exists eternally and is all there is. God does not exist.</li>
<li>The cosmos exists as a uniformity of cause and effect in a closed system.</li>
<li>Human beings are complex &#8220;machines&#8221;; personality is an interrelation of chemical and physical properties we do not yet fully understand.</li>
<li>Death is the extinction of personality and individuality.</li>
<li>History is a linear stream of events linked by cause and effect but without an overarching purpose.</li>
<li>Ethics is related only to human beings.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Nihilism</h3>
<ol>
<li>Matter is all there is and it is eternal.</li>
<li>The cosmos exists with a uniformity of cause and effect in a closed system.</li>
<li>Human beings are complex machines whose personality is a function of highly complex chemical and physical properties not yet understood.</li>
<li>Genuine knowledge is impossible i.e. we cannot know if what we think we know is illusion or truth.</li>
<li>Values are a human creation with no further basis.</li>
<li>There is no meaning of human history.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Existentialism</h3>
<h4>Atheistic Existentialism</h4>
<ol>
<li>The cosmos is composed solely of matter, but to human beings reality appears in two forms &#8212; subjective and objective.</li>
<li>For human beings alone existence precedes essence; people make themselves who they are.</li>
<li>Each person is totally free as regards their nature and destiny.</li>
<li>The highly wrought and tightly organized objective world stands over against human beings and appears absurd.</li>
<li>In full recognition of and against the absurdity of the objective world, the authentic person must revolt and create value.</li>
</ol>
<h4>Theistic Existentialism</h4>
<ol>
<li>Human beings are personal beings who, when they come to full consciousness, find themselves in an alien universe; whether or not God exists is a tough question to be solved not by reason but by faith.</li>
<li>The personal is the valuable.</li>
<li>Knowledge is subjectivity; the whole truth is often paradoxical.</li>
<li>History as a record of events is uncertain and unimportant, but history as a model, or type, or myth to be made present and lived is of supreme importance.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Eastern Pantheistic Monism</h3>
<ol>
<li>Atman is Brahman; that is, the soul of each and every human being is the Soul of the cosmos.</li>
<li>Some things are more one than others.</li>
<li>Many (if not all) roads lead to the One.</li>
<li>To realize one&#8217;s oneness with the cosmos is to pass beyond personality.</li>
<li>To realize one&#8217;s oneness with the cosmos is to pass beyond knowledge. The principle of non-contradiction does not apply where ultimate reality is concerned.</li>
<li>To realize one&#8217;s oneness with the cosmos is to pass beyond good and evil; the cosmos is perfect at every moment.</li>
<li>Death is the end of individual, personal existence, but it changes nothing essential in an individual&#8217;s nature.</li>
<li>To realize one&#8217;s oneness with the One is to pass beyond time. Time is unreal. History is cyclical.</li>
</ol>
<h3>The New Age</h3>
<ol>
<li>Whatever the nature of being (idea or matter, energy or particle), the self is the kingpin, the prime reality. As human beings grow in their awareness and grasp of this fact, the human race is on the verge of a radical change in human nature; even now we see harbingers of transformed humanity and prototypes of the New Age.</li>
<li>The cosmos, while unified in the self, is manifested in two more dimensions: the visible universe, accessible through ordinary consciousness, and the invisible universe (or Mind at Large), accessible through altered states of consciousness.</li>
<li>The core experience of the New Age is cosmic consciousness, in which ordinary categories of space, time, and morality tend to disappear.</li>
<li>Physical death is not the end of the self; under the experience of cosmic consciousness, the fear of death is removed.</li>
<li>Three distinct attitudes are taken to the metaphysical question of the nature of reality under the general framework of the New Age: (1) the occult version, in which the beings and things perceived in states of altered consciousness exist apart from the self that is conscious; (2) the psychedelic version, in which these things and beings are projections of the conscious self; and (3) the conceptual relativist version, in which the cosmic consciousness is the conscious activity of a mind using one of many non-ordinary models for reality, none of which is any &#8220;truer&#8221; than any other.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Postmodernism</h3>
<ol>
<li>The first question postmodernism addresses is not what is there or how know what is there but how language functions to construct meaning itself. In other words, there has been a shift in &#8220;first things&#8221; from being to knowing constructing meaning.</li>
<li>The truth about the reality itself is forever hidden from us. All we can do is tell stories.</li>
<li>Stories give communities their cohesive character.</li>
<li>All narratives mask a play for power. Any one narrative used as a meta-narrative is oppressive.</li>
<li>There is no substantial self. Human beings make themselves who they are by the languages they construct about themselves.</li>
<li>Ethics, like knowledge, is a linguistic construct. Social good is whatever society takes it to be.</li>
<li>Postmodernism is in flux.</li>
</ol>
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